|
The History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954) discusses the History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt from its actions during World War II to its official dissolution by the Egyptian government. == The Second World War == In the late 1930s, in keeping with the Muslim Brotherhood's emphasis on actions rather than words, some members pushed for the organisation to form a military wing to take up armed struggle against British imperial rule, and some were already disobeying the Brotherhood's leadership and taking part in isolated clashes with the police. The Brotherhood's General Guide, Hassan al-Banna, felt that the Society was not ready to engage in military campaigns, and that those who wished to do so "might take the wrong course and miss the target". He advocated a more cautious, longer-term plan of forming groups of particularly dedicated members, called "Battalions", who would receive rigorous spiritual and physical training; once their numbers were sufficient, Banna felt, the Battalions would be prepared to engage in warfare. This would not involve terrorist or revolutionary action, which Banna rejected completely, but rather (and only as a last resort, if all peaceful strategies failed) openly declared war on imperial occupation. However, the Battalion system failed to develop on the scale Banna hoped for, and pressure from members for armed struggle against the British continued to increase. In 1939, this internal conflict developed into a major crisis, during which some of the most active cadres left the Society to form a rival organisation called Muhammad's Youth. The following year, as a result of this conflict, the Brotherhood created a military wing called the secret apparatus, which nevertheless remained mostly inactive during the war years.〔Lia, 172-181.〕〔Carré, 30-31.〕 The Society's official position was that Egypt should refrain from participating in the Second World War. However, in fact it was involved in strong ties to the Nazis. These links began during the 1930s and were close during the Second World War, involving agitation against the British, espionage and sabotage, as well as support for terrorist activities orchestrated by Haj Amin el-Hussaini in British Mandate Palestine, as a wide range of declassified documents from the British, American and Nazi German governmental archives, as well as from personal accounts and memoirs from that period, confirm.〔See Ian Johnson, ''A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA and Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010); Matthias Küntzel, ''Jihad and Jew-hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11'' (New York: Telos Press, 2007); Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers, ''Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das 'Dritte Reich', die Araber und Palästina'' (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006), and Klaus Gensicke, ''Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsocialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis'' (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007).〕 Reflecting this connection the Muslim Brotherhood also disseminated Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'' and ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' widely in Arab translations, helping to deepen and extend already existing hostile views about Jews and Western societies generally.〔In addition to the studies listed in the previous note, see the detailed and richly documented analysis by Jeffrey Herf, ''Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World'' (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2009). But also see: Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, ''Confronting Fascism in Egypt: Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s'' (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2009) for the argument that the Muslim Brotherhood was unsympathetic to Nazi ideology.〕 In 1940, in order to ensure Egypt's support of the war effort, which initially seemed to be going very badly for the Allies, Britain replaced the Egyptian government with one whose cooperation it could be sure of. Martial law was imposed, and in 1941 some public figures that Britain considered subversive were arrested. Hassan al-Banna was imprisoned twice (only to be released within weeks), the Brotherhood's journals were suppressed, its meetings were banned and any reference to it in newspapers was forbidden.〔Mitchell, 19-23.〕 The Brotherhood's leadership was keen to avoid confrontations that could give the government a pretext to suppress the Society altogether. During the war, the Society alternated between avoiding sensitive issues in the interest of self-preservation, and taking risky political positions such as calling for the nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company. During the periods when it kept a low profile, it concentrated on maintaining and expanding its membership base and extending its social welfare programmes, which included humanitarian assistance to the victims of Axis bombings of Egyptian cities. In 1943, the Society replaced its Battalion system with a form of internal organisation called "families", a hierarchy of close-knit groups of five members each; members of a family met regularly, usually in their own homes, and assumed responsibility for one another's welfare.〔Lia, 256-266, 176-177.〕 Shortages and bombings contributed to political unrest; after a mass demonstration of students in February 1942, the government resigned. British troops then surrounded the king's palace and forced him to accept a government headed by the Wafd party (thus durably damaging the Wafd's credibility in the eyes of Egyptians). The Wafd remained entirely loyal to the British throughout the war, as did the Sa'dist government that followed it in February 1945.〔〔Lia, 267-268.〕 The first act of the Wafd government installed by the British in 1942 was to dissolve parliament and call for elections. When Banna declared his candidacy, prime minister Nahhas Pasha pressured him to withdraw it. He agreed, but in return he obtained the prime minister's promise that the Brotherhood could resume its normal activities, and that the government would take action to curtail prostitution and the sale of alcoholic drinks. Shortly afterward, the government did indeed make prostitution illegal, and restricted the sale of alcohol, particularly on religious holidays. The Brotherhood was allowed to resume some of its work, but for the next several years the government alternated between repression and friendliness towards the organisation.〔Mitchell, 26-28.〕〔Lia, 268-269.〕 During the 1940s, the Brotherhood's membership continued to grow; by 1948, it had two thousand branches, and is thought to have had over a million members.〔Carré, 21.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–54)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|